Seismic Refraction & Reflection

Seismik Refraksi & Refleksi

The seismic refraction method measures the travel time of seismic waves refracted at rock layer boundaries beneath the surface. By analyzing the arrival times of primary waves (P-wave) and shear waves (S-wave), we can determine bedrock depth, seismic velocity profiles, and mechanical characteristics of the soil.

Depth up to 100 m+Vp & Vs profilesRippability analysisInternational standardsHigh accuracyIntegrated refraction & reflection

Methods & Equipment

P-Wave Refraction

Primary wave velocity measurement for determining layer depth and rock classification.

S-Wave Refraction

Shear wave velocity measurement for determining shear modulus and site classification.

Seismic Refraction Tomography (SRT)

Refraction tomography for detailed 2D velocity models, capturing lateral velocity variations.

Refraction Microtremor (ReMi)

Ambient noise utilization for Vs30 profiling in areas with limited seismic source access.

High-Resolution Seismic Reflection

High-resolution seismic reflection survey for geological structure mapping, coal exploration, and reservoir layer identification.

Pipeline Mapping Reflection

Specialized reflection method for subsurface pipeline route mapping and utility crossing identification.

Equipment Used

Geometrics Geode 24-channel Seismograph

Geometrics ES-3000 Seismograph

4.5 Hz and 14 Hz vertical & horizontal geophones

Seismic sources: 10 kg sledgehammer, weight drop, betsy gun

Trigger sensor and multi-conductor seismic cables

Mini-vibrator for high-resolution reflection surveys

SeisImager/2D and ReflexW data analysis software

Reflection processing software (ProMAX, Vista)

Applications & Use Cases

Bedrock depth determination

Rock rippability classification for excavation planning

Vs30 determination for seismic site classification

Geotechnical investigation for dam foundations

Tunnel and underground excavation planning

Rock quality and integrity evaluation

Slope stability and retaining wall studies

Dynamic soil and rock parameter determination

Coal exploration and seam mapping

Pipeline and underground utility route mapping

Geological structure mapping and fault identification

Standards & Regulations

SNI 8460:2017 — Geotechnical Design RequirementsASTM D5777 — Standard Guide for Using the Seismic Refraction MethodSNI 1726:2019 — Earthquake Resistance Design CodeBS EN 1998-1 — Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake ResistanceSEG Standards for Seismic Reflection Data Acquisition

What You Receive

12D seismic velocity cross-sections (Vp and Vs)
2Seismic refraction tomography model
3Bedrock depth map
4Rippability classification based on seismic velocity
5Dynamic elastic parameter determination
6Seismic reflection cross-section (stacked section)
7Geological structure interpretation from reflection data
8Complete technical report per SNI and ASTM standards

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